President Joe Biden signed a ten-year defense pact with Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky, an agreement intended to show America’s enduring commitment to the beleaguered country. Both leaders extolled the virtues of the agreement as a statement of intentions to ensure that Ukraine can stand up to the current unprovoked Russian invasion and any future incursion on Ukraine’s sovereignty.
Early indications that the agreement was in the works prompted speculation that the pact was more to prevent a future US president – namely, Donald Trump – from reducing or eliminating financial and military support to Ukraine than anything else. The agreement appears to validate the Biden administration’s intention to parse out military and financial assistance to the Kyiv government, as Biden’s national security team is quick to explain, “as long as it takes.” What remains unexplained, however, is just what “it” means.
Good Intentions to Support Ukraine Abound
According to the White House copy of the Bilateral Security Agreement Between the United States of America and Ukraine, the most unambiguous portion of the document is the assertion: “The security-related commitments in this Agreement are intended to support Ukraine’s efforts to win today’s war and deter future Russian military aggression.” There is no clear explanation of what “win” means in the document. Nonetheless, sections of the pact talk about bolstering defense and security cooperation in training and military education programs, cooperation on economic recovery and reform, and institutional reforms to advance Euro-Atlantic integration. The last section commits to preparing Ukraine to develop an armed force that is more easily integrated into NATO.
The essential elements of the agreement are spelled out in the document’s annex. To ensure that Ukraine is headed toward a capable future force, “The United States commits to support Ukraine in developing a modern, NATO-interoperable force that can credibly deter and, if necessary, defend against future aggression.” To that end, the agreement provides the US intention to support Kyiv’s military in eight combat-critical areas:
- Air and missile defense – Including the Patriot system
- Surface-to-surface missiles and artillery – including “munitions and targeting capabilities to employ indirect and long-range fires, as well as unmanned aerial systems.”
- Maintaining and sustaining legacy tanks and armored personnel carriers.
- Modernizing the Ukraine air force with modern fighter aircraft, specifically the F-16 multi-role fighter.
- Improve Ukraine’s defense of its territorial coastal defense with unmanned systems and surface vessels.
- Support Ukraine’s capability to increase cybersecurity and protection of its critical infrastructure.
- Improve command and control – emphasizing material and non-material support focused on NATO-interoperable systems
- Sustain and maintain combat systems and equipment — an area where the US will support Ukraine with “logistics, personnel services, and health service support.”
All the domains the US has committed to are critical to Ukraine’s sustained fight with the Russian invaders. However, there are some very big caveats. For example, Biden’s commitment to supporting Ukraine with F-16 fighter aircraft and pilot training has not been a rapid success. As Defense News explained:
“At last year’s NATO summit in Vilnius, Lithuania, 11 member countries pledged to train Ukrainian pilots to fly the F-16 fighter jet. It was a major decision, one that enabled the eventual choice to send the jets themselves, an upgrade to Ukraine’s air force that officials in Kyiv had wanted for more than a year. But almost a year later, and only weeks before the next NATO summit, in Washington, those F-16s have yet to arrive.”
Almost immediately following the February 2022 invasion, Ukraine asked for more modern fighter aircraft, allowing them to contend more effectively with the Russian aircraft attacking Ukrainian ground forces. It took more than a year for the US to agree to provide the jets. There does not appear to be any language in the agreement that accelerates the American decision process. Additionally, you’ll remember the confusion within the Biden national security team regarding the approval for Poland to provide surplus MIG-29 Cold War-era Russia fighter-bombers. Secretary of State Antony Blinken stated his concurrence on the idea on a Sunday talk show, and two days later, Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin nixed the initiative. Eventually, after some months of dithering, the MIG-29s were provided.
Biden Is Committed to Good Intentions
What takes some of the patina off the agreement is that whatever President Biden believes he’s committed the US to provide, if it costs the taxpayer’s money, Congress must agree. The very last sentence in the agreement is the kicker: “The United States and Ukraine intend to implement the commitments under this annex consistent with applicable law and subject to the Availability of appropriated funds.” In the last go-round of appropriating money for Ukraine, it took over six months to get Congress on board.
Regardless of what President Biden might have intended regarding holding a future president hostage to the pact, there’s little desire in Washington to bring the issue of Ukraine aid up again until next year after the six-month fight required to convince Congress to approve this latest $60 billion round of funding. As The New York Times pointed out, “if Mr. Biden were no longer in office, that commitment would mean little.” Perhaps all the Biden administration wanted to do was send a message to Russia that the US remains committed to helping Ukraine. For the time being, the bilateral accord is a friendly gesture, but not much more.
The views expressed are those of the author and not of any other affiliate.
